熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)（fuse）是(shi)指當電(dian)(dian)流(liu)超(chao)過規(gui)定(ding)值時，以(yi)本身產生(sheng)的熱量使熔體熔斷(duan)，斷(duan)開電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的一(yi)(yi)種電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)超(chao)過規(gui)定(ding)值一(yi)(yi)段時間后(hou)，以(yi)其自身產生(sheng)的熱量使熔體熔化，從而使電(dian)(dian)路(lu)斷(duan)開；運用這種原(yuan)理制(zhi)成(cheng)的一(yi)(yi)種電(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)(qi)。熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)廣泛應用于高(gao)低壓配(pei)電(dian)(dian)系統和(he)控制(zhi)系統以(yi)及用電(dian)(dian)設備中，作為短(duan)路(lu)和(he)過電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)(qi)，是(shi)應用最普遍的保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)(qi)件之一(yi)(yi)。

利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金屬導體(ti)(ti)(ti)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)串聯于(yu)(yu)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，當(dang)過(guo)(guo)載或短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)時，因其自(zi)身發熱而熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)，從而分(fen)斷(duan)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)結構簡單，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)便，廣泛用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統、各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)工設(she)備和(he)(he)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主要(yao)由熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、外殼和(he)(he)支(zhi)座3部分(fen)組成(cheng)，其中(zhong)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是控制熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵元件(jian)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)、尺寸和(he)(he)形狀(zhuang)決(jue)定了熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)材(cai)料(liao)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)低熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)和(he)(he)高(gao)(gao)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)兩類(lei)(lei)。低熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)材(cai)料(liao)如鉛和(he)(he)鉛合金，其熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)低容易熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)，由于(yu)(yu)其電(dian)阻率(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)，故制成(cheng)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)截面尺寸較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)時產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬蒸氣較(jiao)(jiao)多，只適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)低分(fen)斷(duan)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。高(gao)(gao)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)材(cai)料(liao)如銅、銀(yin)，其熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)高(gao)(gao)，不容易熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)，但由于(yu)(yu)其電(dian)阻率(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)低，可制成(cheng)比低熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)截面尺寸，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)時產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬蒸氣少，適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)高(gao)(gao)分(fen)斷(duan)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)絲狀(zhuang)和(he)(he)帶狀(zhuang)兩種(zhong)(zhong)。改(gai)變(bian)變(bian)截面的(de)(de)(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)可顯著(zhu)改(gai)變(bian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)曲線(xian)，可以(yi)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)不同類(lei)(lei)型(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)對象的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)主要(yao)依據負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)和(he)(he)短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)選擇(ze)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)。對于(yu)(yu)容量小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動機(ji)和(he)(he)照(zhao)明支(zhi)線(xian)，常(chang)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)過(guo)(guo)載及短路(lu)(lu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，因而希(xi)望熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)化系(xi)(xi)數適當(dang)小(xiao)些。通常(chang)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鉛錫合金熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)RQA系(xi)(xi)列熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。對于(yu)(yu)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)容量的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動機(ji)和(he)(he)照(zhao)明干線(xian)，則應著(zhu)重考(kao)慮短路(lu)(lu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)分(fen)斷(duan)能(neng)力(li)。通常(chang)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)具有(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)分(fen)斷(duan)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)RM10和(he)(he)RL1系(xi)(xi)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；當(dang)短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)很大(da)(da)時，宜采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)具有(you)(you)限流(liu)(liu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)RT0和(he)(he)RTl2系(xi)(xi)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)

電容器，通常簡稱其容納電荷的本領為電容，用字母C表示。定義1：電容器，顧名思義，是‘裝電的容器’，是一種容納電荷的器件。英文名稱：capacitor。電容器是電子設備中大量使用的電子元件之一，廣泛應用于電路中的隔直通交，耦合，旁路，濾波，調諧回路， 能量轉換，控制等方面。定義2：電容器，任何兩個彼此絕緣且相隔很近的導體（包括導線）間都構成一個電容器。簡單的電容器是由兩端的極板和中間的絕緣電介質（包括空氣）構成的。通電后，極板帶電，形成電壓（電勢差），但是由于中間的絕緣物質，所以整個電容器是不導電的。不過，這樣的情況是在沒有超過電容器的臨界電壓（擊穿電壓）的前提條件下的。我們知道，任何物質都是相對絕緣的，當物質兩端的電壓加大到一定程度后，物質是都可以導電的，我們稱這個電壓叫擊穿電壓。電容也不例外，電容被擊穿后，就不是絕緣體了。當電容器接通電源以后,在電場力的作用下,與電源正極相接電容器極板的 自由電子將經過電源移到與電源負極相接的極板下, 正極由于失去負電荷而帶正電, 負 極由于獲得負電荷而帶負電,正,負極板所帶電荷大小相等,符號相反.
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