開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)詞語解釋為開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)啟和關(guan)閉。它還是(shi)(shi)指一(yi)個(ge)(ge)可(ke)(ke)以使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)中(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)或(huo)使(shi)(shi)其流(liu)(liu)(liu)到(dao)其他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元件。最(zui)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)是(shi)(shi)讓人(ren)操(cao)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)或(huo)數(shu)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)接(jie)點。接(jie)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)“閉合”（closed）表(biao)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)接(jie)點導(dao)(dao)(dao)通(tong)，允許(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過；開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)”（open）表(biao)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)接(jie)點不(bu)(bu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)通(tong)形(xing)成(cheng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，不(bu)(bu)允許(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過。最(zui)簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)有(you)二(er)片名(ming)叫“觸(chu)點”的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，二(er)觸(chu)點接(jie)觸(chu)時(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)形(xing)成(cheng)回路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，二(er)觸(chu)點不(bu)(bu)接(jie)觸(chu)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。選用(yong)接(jie)點金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)時(shi)(shi)需考慮其對抗腐蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度(du)，因為大多數(shu)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)后會(hui)形(xing)成(cheng)絕緣的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物，使(shi)(shi)接(jie)點無法正常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)。選用(yong)接(jie)點金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)(ye)需考慮其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率、硬度(du)、機(ji)械強(qiang)度(du)、成(cheng)本(ben)及是(shi)(shi)否(fou)有(you)毒等因素。有(you)時(shi)(shi)會(hui)在(zai)接(jie)點上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍抗腐蝕金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。一(yi)般會(hui)鍍在(zai)接(jie)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸(chu)面(mian)，以避免因氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物而(er)影響(xiang)其性能。有(you)時(shi)(shi)接(jie)觸(chu)面(mian)也(ye)(ye)會(hui)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)非金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)材料(liao)，如導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)塑(su)膠。開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)除了接(jie)點之外(wai)，也(ye)(ye)會(hui)有(you)可(ke)(ke)動(dong)件使(shi)(shi)接(jie)點導(dao)(dao)(dao)通(tong)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)通(tong)，開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)可(ke)(ke)依可(ke)(ke)動(dong)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)為分為杠(gang)桿(gan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)（Toggle switch）、按鍵(jian)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)、船型開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)（Rocker switch）等，而(er)可(ke)(ke)動(dong)件也(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)以是(shi)(shi)其他(ta)型式的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械連桿(gan)。延(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)是(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元件繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器安裝于開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)之中(zhong)(zhong)，延(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)。延(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)又分為聲控(kong)延(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)、光控(kong)延(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)、觸(chu)摸式延(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)等。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)物體導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)器，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)被廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣安全(quan)檢(jian)查與接(jie)(jie)地(di)工(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗等場(chang)合。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類比較多，包(bao)括(kuo)接(jie)(jie)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、接(jie)(jie)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、表(biao)面電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)以及回(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣安全(quan)檢(jian)查與接(jie)(jie)地(di)工(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗收*的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具(ju)。包(bao)括(kuo)接(jie)(jie)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、表(biao)面電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)以及回(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。回(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)（變壓器回(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)）適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)高低壓開(kai)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主觸頭接(jie)(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值，高低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 纜(lan)線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值等。智能回(hui)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)采用(yong)100A恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸出。高輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達10V（常規(gui)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2-3倍）可采用(yong)載面細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)線，大大減輕了現場(chang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)人員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞動強度。測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)過程(cheng)全(quan)部由單(dan)片控制自(zi)動實施，精(jing)度高，復測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)性好，單(dan)按(an)鍵操作(zuo)，簡單(dan)易行，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)據(ju)液晶(jing)顯(xian)示。適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)環境。接(jie)(jie)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)檢(jian)驗測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)接(jie)(jie)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常用(yong)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)表(biao)，進年來由于(yu)(yu)計算機(ji)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛速發展(zhan)，因此(ci)接(jie)(jie)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)滲透了大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微處理機(ji)技(ji)術(shu)，其(qi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)功(gong)能，內(nei)容與精(jing)度是(shi)一(yi)般儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)器所(suo)不(bu)能相比的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)能(neng)把(ba)機(ji)械能(neng)轉(zhuan)換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池能(neng)把(ba)化學能(neng)轉(zhuan)換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池本(ben)身并不帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，它的(de)(de)兩(liang)極分別有正(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)，由(you)正(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)作用下(xia)定向移(yi)動而形成的(de)(de)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)導體里(li)本(ben)來就有，要產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)只(zhi)需要加上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)即可(ke)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩(liang)極接(jie)上(shang)導體時為了(le)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)而把(ba)正(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)釋(shi)放(fang)出(chu)去(qu)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)散(san)盡(jin)時，也就荷(he)(he)(he)盡(jin)流(liu)(liu)（壓(ya)(ya)）消了(le)。干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。通過變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器和整流(liu)(liu)器，把(ba)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)(bian)成直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)裝置叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。能(neng)提供信(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)信(xin)號(hao)源。晶體三(san)極管(guan)能(neng)把(ba)前面(mian)送來的(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)加以放(fang)大，又把(ba)放(fang)大了(le)的(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)傳送到后面(mian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)去(qu)。晶體三(san)極管(guan)對后面(mian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路來說，也可(ke)以看(kan)做(zuo)(zuo)是信(xin)號(hao)源。整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、信(xin)號(hao)源有時也叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。

計(ji)(ji)算機與(yu)(yu)(yu)計(ji)(ji)算機或計(ji)(ji)算機與(yu)(yu)(yu)終(zhong)端之間的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)傳送可(ke)以(yi)(yi)采用(yong)(yong)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)和(he)(he)并行(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)二種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式。由(you)于(yu)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式具有使(shi)用(yong)(yong)線路少、成本低，特別是在遠程(cheng)傳輸時，避免(mian)了多(duo)條線路特性的(de)(de)(de)不一(yi)致(zhi)而被廣泛采用(yong)(yong)。 在串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)時，要求通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)都(dou)采用(yong)(yong)一(yi)個標準接(jie)口(kou)，使(shi)不同(tong) 的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)便地連(lian)接(jie)起來進行(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)。 RS-232-C接(jie)口(kou)（又稱 EIA RS-232-C）是目前最常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)接(jie)口(kou)。它是在1970年由(you)美國電(dian)子工業協會（EIA）聯(lian)合(he)貝爾系(xi)統、 調制(zhi)解調器(qi)廠家及計(ji)(ji)算機終(zhong)端生產廠家共(gong)同(tong)制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)的(de)(de)(de)標 準。它的(de)(de)(de)全名是“數(shu)(shu)據(ju)終(zhong)端設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)（DTE）和(he)(he)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)（DCE）之間 串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)二進制(zhi)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)交換接(jie)口(kou)技(ji)(ji)術標準”該標準規(gui)定(ding)(ding)采用(yong)(yong)一(yi)個25個腳的(de)(de)(de) DB25連(lian)接(jie)器(qi)，對連(lian)接(jie)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)每(mei)個引(yin)腳的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)內容(rong)加(jia)(jia)以(yi)(yi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，還對各(ge)種(zhong)信(xin) 號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)平加(jia)(jia)以(yi)(yi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。以(yi)(yi)往，PC與(yu)(yu)(yu)智(zhi)能設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)多(duo)借助RS232、RS485、以(yi)(yi)太網(wang)等方(fang)(fang)(fang)式，主要取決于(yu)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)口(kou)規(gui)范(fan)。但(dan)RS232、RS485只(zhi)(zhi)能代表通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)介(jie)質層和(he)(he)鏈路層，如果要實(shi)現數(shu)(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)雙向訪問(wen)，就必須自(zi)己編寫通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)應用(yong)(yong)程(cheng)序，但(dan)這種(zhong)程(cheng)序多(duo)數(shu)(shu)都(dou)不能符(fu)合(he)ISO/OSI的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)范(fan)，只(zhi)(zhi)能實(shi)現較單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)功能，適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)單一(yi)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)類型，程(cheng)序不具備(bei)(bei)(bei)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)性。在RS232或RS485設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)聯(lian)成的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)網(wang)中，如果設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)數(shu)(shu)量超過(guo)2臺，就必須使(shi)用(yong)(yong)RS485做通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊(xun)介(jie)質，RS485網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)間要想(xiang)互通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)息只(zhi)(zhi)有通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)“主（Master）”設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)中轉才能實(shi)現，這個主設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常是PC，而這種(zhong)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)網(wang)中只(zhi)(zhi)允許存在一(yi)個主設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)，其余全部是從（Slave）設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)。而現場(chang)總線技(ji)(ji)術是以(yi)(yi)ISO/OSI模型為基礎(chu)的(de)(de)(de)，具有完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)件支持(chi)系(xi)統，能夠解決總線控制(zhi)、沖突檢測、鏈路維(wei)護等問(wen)題.

光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)photoelectric transducer，基(ji)于(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)受(shou)到可見光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照射(she)(she)后即產(chan)生光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)，將(jiang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號輸出。它除能測(ce)(ce)量(liang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)強之外(wai)，還(huan)(huan)能利用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線的透(tou)射(she)(she)、遮擋、反射(she)(she)、干(gan)涉等測(ce)(ce)量(liang)多種物理(li)量(liang)，如尺(chi)寸、位移、速度、溫(wen)度等，因(yin)而是一種應(ying)(ying)用極廣泛的重要(yao)敏(min)(min)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)時不與被(bei)測(ce)(ce)對象(xiang)直接接觸，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束的質(zhi)量(liang)又近似為零，在(zai)(zai)(zai)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)中(zhong)不存在(zai)(zai)(zai)摩擦(ca)和(he)對被(bei)測(ce)(ce)對象(xiang)幾乎不施加(jia)壓力。因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)許多應(ying)(ying)用場(chang)合(he)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)比其他傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)有明顯的優越性。其缺點是在(zai)(zai)(zai)某些應(ying)(ying)用方面，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學器(qi)(qi)件(jian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子器(qi)(qi)件(jian)價格較貴，并且對測(ce)(ce)量(liang)的環境條(tiao)件(jian)要(yao)求較高。基(ji)于(yu)外(wai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)敏(min)(min)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)倍增管。基(ji)于(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。基(ji)于(yu)勢壘效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)二極管和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)極管(見半導體光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)元件(jian))。基(ji)于(yu)側向光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)的有反轉(zhuan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)二極管。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)還(huan)(huan)可按信(xin)號形式(shi)分為模擬式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)和(he)數字式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)還(huan)(huan)有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)、固體圖像傳(chuan)感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)等

溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)是一種(zhong)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)控制閥(fa)(fa)(fa)，在液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)設備中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要(yao)起定(ding)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，系統(tong)卸荷和安全保(bao)護作(zuo)用。溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)在裝(zhuang)配或使用中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，由于O形密封圈(quan)、組合密封圈(quan)的(de)(de)損壞，或者安裝(zhuang)螺釘、管(guan)接(jie)頭(tou)的(de)(de)松動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，都可(ke)能(neng)造成不(bu)應有(you)的(de)(de)外泄(xie)漏。液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)裝(zhuang)置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)容易產(chan)生(sheng)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)元件一般認(ren)為是泵和閥(fa)(fa)(fa)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)又以溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)和電(dian)磁換向(xiang)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)等為主。產(chan)生(sheng)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)很多(duo)。溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)有(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)速聲(sheng)(sheng)和機械聲(sheng)(sheng)二種(zhong)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)速聲(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要(yao)由油(you)液(ye)振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、空穴以及液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)沖擊等原因(yin)(yin)(yin)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)。機械聲(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要(yao)由閥(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)零件的(de)(de)撞(zhuang)擊和磨(mo)擦(ca)等原因(yin)(yin)(yin)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)。定(ding)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)用：在定(ding)量(liang)泵節流(liu)(liu)(liu)調節系統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，定(ding)量(liang)泵提(ti)供的(de)(de)是恒定(ding)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)。當系統(tong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)增大(da)時(shi)，會(hui)使流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)需求減(jian)小。此時(shi)溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)開(kai)啟，使多(duo)余流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)溢(yi)回(hui)(hui)油(you)箱，保(bao)證溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)進口壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)，即泵出口壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)恒定(ding)（閥(fa)(fa)(fa)口常隨(sui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)波動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)開(kai)啟）。在先導(dao)型溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)發(fa)(fa)出的(de)(de)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)時(shi)會(hui)有(you)機械性(xing)的(de)(de)高頻振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)聲(sheng)(sheng)，一般稱它為自(zi)激振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)聲(sheng)(sheng)。這(zhe)是主閥(fa)(fa)(fa)和導(dao)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)因(yin)(yin)(yin)高頻振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)而發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)。它的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)率與回(hui)(hui)油(you)管(guan)道(dao)的(de)(de)配置、流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)、壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)、油(you)溫（粘(zhan)度(du)）等因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)(su)有(you)關。一般情(qing)況下，管(guan)道(dao)口徑(jing)小、流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)少、壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)高、油(you)液(ye)粘(zhan)度(du)低(di)，自(zi)激振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)率就高。

集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)用(yong)硅(gui)半導體(ti)(ti)(ti)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)藝而制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，因此亦稱(cheng)(cheng)硅(gui)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或單片(pian)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。模(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)20世紀80年代問世的(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個芯片(pian)上、可完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)量及模(mo)擬(ni)信號輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)IC。模(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)特點是(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)單一(yi)(yi)(yi)(僅測(ce)量某一(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu)理量)、測(ce)量誤(wu)差(cha)小、價格低、響應(ying)速度(du)(du)快、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)距(ju)離(li)(li)遠(yuan)、體(ti)(ti)(ti)積小、微功(gong)(gong)耗(hao)等(deng)，適(shi)合(he)(he)(he)遠(yuan)距(ju)離(li)(li)測(ce)量、控制(zhi)，不需(xu)要(yao)進行(xing)(xing)非線性(xing)校準(zhun)(zhun)，外圍(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)簡(jian)單。是(shi)(shi)(shi)從制(zhi)造工(gong)藝上對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)各種類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進行(xing)(xing)分類，是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)硅(gui)基半導體(ti)(ti)(ti)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝技術制(zhi)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)。集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)用(yong)硅(gui)半導體(ti)(ti)(ti)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)藝而制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，因此亦稱(cheng)(cheng)硅(gui)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或單片(pian)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溫度(du)(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將溫度(du)(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個芯片(pian)上、可完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溫度(du)(du)測(ce)量及模(mo)擬(ni)信號輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)IC。模(mo)擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溫度(du)(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)特點是(shi)(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)單一(yi)(yi)(yi)、測(ce)溫誤(wu)差(cha)小、價格低、響應(ying)速度(du)(du)快、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)距(ju)離(li)(li)遠(yuan)、體(ti)(ti)(ti)積小、微功(gong)(gong)耗(hao)等(deng)，適(shi)合(he)(he)(he)遠(yuan)距(ju)離(li)(li)測(ce)溫、控溫，不需(xu)要(yao)進行(xing)(xing)非線性(xing)校準(zhun)(zhun)，外圍(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)簡(jian)單。圖(tu)2-1是(shi)(shi)(shi)AD590用(yong)于測(ce)量熱力學溫度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本應(ying)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。因為(wei)流(liu)過(guo)AD590的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與熱力學溫度(du)(du)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正比，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R1和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)R2的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻之和(he)為(wei)1kΩ時，輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓隨溫度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)為(wei)1mV/K。但由于AD590的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)益有偏差(cha)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻也有誤(wu)差(cha)，因此應(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)進行(xing)(xing)調整(zheng)(zheng)。調整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)為(wei)：把AD590放于冰水混合(he)(he)(he)物(wu)中，調整(zheng)(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)R2，使=273.2mV。或在(zai)室(shi)溫下(xia)(25℃)條件(jian)下(xia)調整(zheng)(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，使=273.2+25=298.2（mV）。但這(zhe)樣調整(zheng)(zheng)只可保證在(zai)0℃或25℃附近有較高精度(du)(du)。很多傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)供應(ying)商是(shi)(shi)(shi)把大(da)(da)部分設(she)計(ji)(ji)、測(ce)試(shi)和(he)制(zhi)造傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)元件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務，委托給(gei)第(di)三(san)方供應(ying)商去(qu)做，可以最大(da)(da)限度(du)(du)地(di)利用(yong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)團隊的(de)(de)(de)(de)有限資源，縮短產(chan)(chan)品上市時間。盡管如此，仍然有許多關鍵決策(ce)需(xu)要(yao)由設(she)計(ji)(ji)人(ren)員把握，而且這(zhe)些關鍵決定將會對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)產(chan)(chan)品性(xing)能(neng)(neng)、可靠性(xing)和(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本產(chan)(chan)生重大(da)(da)影響。為(wei)幫助(zhu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)出(chu)適(shi)合(he)(he)(he)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統，首先我們(men)來分析一(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)預集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)元件(jian)，特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)不同(tong)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)元件(jian)可提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢，然后還要(yao)熟悉一(yi)(yi)(yi)些必須考(kao)慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)問題(ti)。即使是(shi)(shi)(shi)經驗豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師，也不得不承認，針對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)醫療設(she)備、過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)控制(zhi)或其他工(gong)廠自動化(hua)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)應(ying)用(yong)條件(jian)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)提供精確、可靠數據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)元件(jian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)(chan)品開發周期(qi)中最耗(hao)時和(he)最昂貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作之一(yi)(yi)(yi)。在(zai)很大(da)(da)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)上，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)跨學科(ke)合(he)(he)(he)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，需(xu)要(yao)設(she)計(ji)(ji)團隊考(kao)慮許多電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣、機械和(he)制(zhi)造工(gong)藝問題(ti)。

截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)又稱(cheng)截(jie)(jie)門(men)(men)(men)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，屬于(yu)(yu)強(qiang)(qiang)制密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)(feng)式(shi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)，所以(yi)在閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)關閉(bi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，必須向(xiang)(xiang)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)施加壓(ya)力(li)，以(yi)強(qiang)(qiang)制密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)(feng)面(mian)不(bu)泄漏。當(dang)介(jie)質由(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)下方進入閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，操作力(li)所需(xu)要克服的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)力(li)，是(shi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)和(he)填料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)擦力(li)與(yu)由(you)介(jie)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)所產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推力(li)，關閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)比開(kai)(kai)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)大，所以(yi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)要大，否則會發(fa)生閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)頂彎(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故障。按(an)連(lian)接方式(shi)分為(wei)三(san)種(zhong)：法蘭連(lian)接、絲扣(kou)連(lian)接、焊(han)接連(lian)接。從自密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)出現后，截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)質流向(xiang)(xiang)就改由(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)方進入閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)腔，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)在介(jie)質壓(ya)力(li)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)下，關閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)小，而開(kai)(kai)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)大，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)可以(yi)相應(ying)地減少。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)，在介(jie)質作用(yong)(yong)(yong)下，這種(zhong)形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)也較嚴密(mi)(mi)(mi)。我(wo)國閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)“三(san)化給”曾(ceng)規定，截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流向(xiang)(xiang)，一律(lv)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)自上(shang)(shang)而下。截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)開(kai)(kai)啟時(shi)(shi)(shi)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)啟高度，為(wei)公稱(cheng)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)25%～30%時(shi)(shi)(shi).流量已達到最大，表示閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)已達全(quan)開(kai)(kai)位置。所以(yi)截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)開(kai)(kai)位置，應(ying)由(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)程(cheng)來決(jue)定。截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)（stop valve,Globe Valve）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟閉(bi)件(jian)是(shi)塞形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)，密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)(feng)上(shang)(shang)面(mian)呈(cheng)平面(mian)或海錐(zhui)面(mian)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)沿閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)座的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中心線作直(zhi)(zhi)線運動(dong)。閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)形式(shi)，（通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)名稱(cheng)：暗桿(gan)），也有升降旋(xuan)轉桿(gan)式(shi)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)控制空氣、水、蒸汽、各(ge)種(zhong)腐蝕性(xing)介(jie)質、泥漿、油品、液態金屬和(he)放射性(xing)介(jie)質等各(ge)種(zhong)類型(xing)流體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流動(dong)。因此，這種(zhong)類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)(jie)流截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)非(fei)常(chang)適(shi)合(he)作為(wei)切斷(duan)(duan)或調節(jie)以(yi)及(ji)節(jie)流用(yong)(yong)(yong)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)該類閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)開(kai)(kai)啟或關閉(bi)行(xing)程(cheng)相對較短，而且具有非(fei)常(chang)可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切斷(duan)(duan)功能，又由(you)于(yu)(yu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)座通(tong)口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化與(yu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)程(cheng)成(cheng)正比例關系，非(fei)常(chang)適(shi)合(he)于(yu)(yu)對流量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調節(jie)。

繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)（英文名稱：relay）是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)控(kong)制器(qi)(qi)件，是(shi)(shi)當輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)量（激(ji)勵量）的變化達(da)到(dao)(dao)規定要求時，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)使被(bei)控(kong)量發生(sheng)預定的階(jie)躍變化的一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。它(ta)具有(you)(you)控(kong)制系統(tong)（又(you)(you)稱輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)回(hui)路(lu)）和被(bei)控(kong)制系統(tong)（又(you)(you)稱輸(shu)出回(hui)路(lu)）之間的互動(dong)關(guan)系。通(tong)常(chang)應用(yong)于(yu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)化的控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，它(ta)實際上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)去控(kong)制大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)運(yun)作的一(yi)種“自(zi)(zi)動(dong)開關(guan)”。故在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)起著(zhu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)調節、安全保護、轉換電(dian)(dian)路(lu)等作用(yong)。繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)線(xian)圈在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)用(yong)一(yi)個長方(fang)框符號(hao)表示，如(ru)果(guo)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)兩(liang)個線(xian)圈，就畫(hua)(hua)兩(liang)個并(bing)列的長方(fang)框。同時在(zai)長方(fang)框內或長方(fang)框旁(pang)(pang)標(biao)上(shang)(shang)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的文字符號(hao)“J”。繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的觸點(dian)(dian)有(you)(you)兩(liang)種表示方(fang)法(fa)：一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)把(ba)它(ta)們直接(jie)畫(hua)(hua)在(zai)長方(fang)框一(yi)側，這種表示法(fa)較為直觀(guan)。另一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)連接(jie)的需要，把(ba)各個觸點(dian)(dian)分別(bie)畫(hua)(hua)到(dao)(dao)各自(zi)(zi)的控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)，通(tong)常(chang)在(zai)同一(yi)繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的觸點(dian)(dian)與線(xian)圈旁(pang)(pang)分別(bie)標(biao)注上(shang)(shang)相(xiang)同的文字符號(hao)，并(bing)將觸點(dian)(dian)組編上(shang)(shang)號(hao)碼(ma)，以示區(qu)別(bie)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)由鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)芯、線(xian)圈(quan)、銜(xian)(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)、觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)簧等組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。只要在(zai)線(xian)圈(quan)兩端(duan)加上一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，線(xian)圈(quan)中(zhong)就(jiu)會流(liu)過一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，從(cong)而(er)(er)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁效應，銜(xian)(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)就(jiu)會在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁力吸(xi)引的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用下(xia)(xia)克服返回(hui)彈(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉力吸(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)芯，從(cong)而(er)(er)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)銜(xian)(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)與靜觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)（常(chang)(chang)開觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)）吸(xi)合(he)。當線(xian)圈(quan)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)力也(ye)隨之(zhi)消失(shi)，銜(xian)(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)就(jiu)會在(zai)彈(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反作(zuo)(zuo)用力返回(hui)原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)，使(shi)動(dong)(dong)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)與原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)（常(chang)(chang)閉(bi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)）釋(shi)放(fang)。這(zhe)樣吸(xi)合(he)、釋(shi)放(fang)，從(cong)而(er)(er)達到(dao)了(le)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導通(tong)、切斷(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。對于(yu)(yu)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“常(chang)(chang)開、常(chang)(chang)閉(bi)”觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)，可以這(zhe)樣來區(qu)分(fen)：繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器線(xian)圈(quan)未通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)處于(yu)(yu)斷(duan)(duan)開狀態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)，稱(cheng)為“常(chang)(chang)開觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)”；處于(yu)(yu)接通(tong)狀態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靜觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)稱(cheng)為“常(chang)(chang)閉(bi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)”。繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)有(you)兩股電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，為低壓控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和(he)高壓工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。當線(xian)圈(quan)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓規格有(you)ac380v、ac220v或dc220v、dc24v等）時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，銜(xian)(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)及(ji)托板被(bei)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)心吸(xi)引而(er)(er)瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)下(xia)(xia)移，使(shi)瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)接通(tong)或斷(duan)(duan)開。但是活(huo)塞桿(gan)和(he)杠(gang)桿(gan)不(bu)能同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)跟著銜(xian)(xian)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起下(xia)(xia)落，因為活(huo)塞桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上端(duan)連著氣(qi)室中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橡皮膜，當活(huo)塞桿(gan)在(zai)釋(shi)放(fang)彈(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用下(xia)(xia)開始向(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)(xia)運動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，橡皮膜隨之(zhi)向(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)(xia)凹，上面空氣(qi)室的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)變得稀薄而(er)(er)使(shi)活(huo)塞桿(gan)受到(dao)阻尼作(zuo)(zuo)用而(er)(er)緩慢下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)。經過一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，活(huo)塞桿(gan)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)位(wei)置(zhi)，便通(tong)過杠(gang)桿(gan)推動(dong)(dong)延時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)，使(shi)動(dong)(dong)斷(duan)(duan)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)斷(duan)(duan)開，動(dong)(dong)合(he)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)閉(bi)合(he)。從(cong)線(xian)圈(quan)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)延時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)完成動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)，這(zhe)段時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)就(jiu)是繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)。延時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)短可以用螺釘調節空氣(qi)室進氣(qi)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小來改(gai)變。

接近開關是一種無需與運動部件進行機械直接接觸而可以操作的位置開關，當物體接近開關的感應面到動作距離時，不需要機械接觸及施加任何壓力即可使開關動作，從而驅動直流電器或給計算機（plc)裝置提供控制指令。接近開關是種開關型傳感器（即無觸點開關），它既有行程開關、微動開關的特性，同時具有傳感性能，且動作可靠，性能穩定，頻率響應快，應用壽命長，抗干擾能力強等、并具有防水、防震、耐腐蝕等特點。產品有電感式、電容式、霍爾式、交、直流型。
接(jie)近開(kai)關又稱無(wu)觸(chu)點接(jie)近開(kai)關，是理想的(de)電(dian)子開(kai)關量傳感(gan)器。當金屬檢測(ce)體接(jie)近開(kai)關的(de)感(gan)應區域，開(kai)關就能無(wu)接(jie)觸(chu)，無(wu)壓力、無(wu)火花(hua)、迅速發出(chu)電(dian)氣指令，準確反應出(chu)運動(dong)機構(gou)的(de)位(wei)置和(he)(he)行程，即使(shi)用(yong)于一般(ban)的(de)行程控制(zhi)(zhi)，其定(ding)位(wei)精度、操作頻率、使(shi)用(yong)壽命、安裝調整的(de)方便性和(he)(he)對惡劣環境的(de)適用(yong)能力，是一般(ban)機械式行程開(kai)關所不能相比(bi)的(de)。它廣(guang)泛地應用(yong)于機床、冶金、化工、輕紡和(he)(he)印刷等行業。在自(zi)動(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)系統中(zhong)可作為限(xian)位(wei)、計數、定(ding)位(wei)控制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)自(zi)動(dong)保(bao)護(hu)環節等。

編碼器（encoder）是將信號（如比特流）或數據進行編制、轉換為可用以通訊、傳輸和存儲的信號形式的設備。編碼器把角位移或直線位移轉換成電信號，前者稱為碼盤，后者稱為碼尺。按照讀出方式編碼器可以分為接觸式和非接觸式兩種；
由一個中心有軸的光電碼盤，其上有環形通、暗的刻線，有光電發射和接收器件讀取，獲得四組正弦波信號組合成A、B、C、D,每個正弦波相差90度相位差（相對于一個周波為360度），將C、D信號反向，疊加在A、B兩相上，可增強穩定信號；另每轉輸出一個Z相脈沖以代表零位參考位。
由于(yu)A、B兩相相差90度(du)，可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)比較(jiao)A相在前還是(shi)B相在前，以判(pan)別編(bian)碼(ma)(ma)(ma)器(qi)的(de)正轉與反轉，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)零(ling)位脈沖(chong)，可(ke)獲得編(bian)碼(ma)(ma)(ma)器(qi)的(de)零(ling)位參考位。編(bian)碼(ma)(ma)(ma)器(qi)碼(ma)(ma)(ma)盤(pan)的(de)材料有(you)玻(bo)璃(li)、金屬、塑料，玻(bo)璃(li)碼(ma)(ma)(ma)盤(pan)是(shi)在玻(bo)璃(li)上(shang)沉積很薄(bo)的(de)刻線，其熱(re)穩定(ding)(ding)性好，精度(du)高，金屬碼(ma)(ma)(ma)盤(pan)直接以通(tong)和(he)不通(tong)刻線，不易碎，但由于(yu)金屬有(you)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)厚度(du)，精度(du)就有(you)限(xian)制(zhi)，其熱(re)穩定(ding)(ding)性就要比玻(bo)璃(li)的(de)差一(yi)個數(shu)量級，塑料碼(ma)(ma)(ma)盤(pan)是(shi)經濟型的(de)，其成本低，但精度(du)、熱(re)穩定(ding)(ding)性、壽命(ming)均要差一(yi)些。

絕(jue)緣耐(nai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)又叫(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)絕(jue)緣強度(du)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)儀(yi)或叫(jiao)介(jie)質強度(du)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)。將(jiang)一規定(ding)交流或直(zhi)流高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)施(shi)加在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)分和(he)非帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)分（一般為(wei)外(wai)殼）之間以檢查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)絕(jue)緣材料所(suo)能(neng)承(cheng)受耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)能(neng)力的(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器在長期工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中，不(bu)僅要承(cheng)受規定(ding)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用，還要承(cheng)受操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)過程中引(yin)起短時(shi)間的(de)高于額定(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)（過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)可能(neng)會高于額定(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)的(de)好幾倍）。在這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)絕(jue)緣材料的(de)內部(bu)結構(gou)將(jiang)發生(sheng)變(bian)化(hua)。當過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)強度(du)達到某一定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)，就會使材料的(de)絕(jue)緣擊穿(chuan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器將(jiang)不(bu)能(neng)正常運行，操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者就可能(neng)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),危及人(ren)身(shen)安全。

SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMSK22-S-NPN-SA
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG plus 32 0305511
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    PGN+125-1-SD 37371103
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    GZB-S  20/5
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    dwg80v 30026507
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    KGG 140  340311
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    301469
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    IN 40/S-M8
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PZN+40-IS  303538
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸磁性開關    0301032 mms22 spm8 ed
SCHUNK雄克    QUICK CONNECT    NSE 138 (ID：0470001)-INLINE GRIND
SCHUNK雄克    備件    GWB 34  307135
SCHUNK雄克    備件    LGR-16(312972)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS 30S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    平行爪    300275 KTG50
SCHUNK雄克    備件    HWA-080-000-000 0302781
SCHUNK雄克    三爪氣爪    PZB-Plus 64-1-AS
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SPU+30-W 361842
SCHUNK雄克    附件    371095
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    HOLDER HSK-A63-D20-200L (273 336)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    302612
SCHUNK雄克    備件    301032
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    0370100 PGN 64-1
SCHUNK雄克    parallel-gripper    MPG20 AS    0340039
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0207925
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0340009 MPG20
SCHUNK雄克    行夾    PGN-PLUS100-1(0371102)
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    PGN 50-1  370399
SCHUNK雄克    備件    362020  SRU+35-W
SCHUNK雄克    開關    0301587 IN 80-S-M12-SA
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉氣缸    DSE A 4D-4  訂貨號30026217
SCHUNK雄克    電器件    0340010
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0312972
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN-PLUS 100-1
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    RH905 Ident-NO:360110
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    PGN200-1
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    MMS22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    分氣塊    0323285 DDF120 SE
SCHUNK雄克    二指氣爪    PGN 80-2AS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MM S K22S P 12 HD
SCHUNK雄克    力傳感器    FMS-ZBP 100 301837
SCHUNK雄克    三角卡盤    DIN 55028 A6 NR.0832231
SCHUNK雄克    proximity switch    0301469
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMSZ22-S-M8-PNP 訂貨號0301032
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG-plus 40 0305521
SCHUNK雄克    插頭    9935815
SCHUNK雄克    備件    訂貨號9907720
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    301473
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PFH 50-AS   0302051
SCHUNK雄克    備件    KSP-F PLUS160 ID號 0405310
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    BT50-12
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN160-1
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0371455 PGN+200-2AS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    SRU+50-W 30062319
SCHUNK雄克    備件    FPS-13 301705
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PZN80/2 300411
SCHUNK雄克    平行夾持器    0303509
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    GWB64
SCHUNK雄克    備件    30048684-FTS-MIN45-E-1.8-7.6-CTL-ESI-145-5
SCHUNK雄克    備件    FDB340  ID0322201+(0322220/0322226/0322222/0322225)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    362020  SRU+35-W
SCHUNK雄克    夾緊氣缸    PGN+64/2 371091
SCHUNK雄克    發電機接地碳刷    S13F19 8X20X32
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0308601
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SRU 50.2 30035835
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PGN+80/1
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    DWG80V 30026507
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    MPG64 340014
SCHUNK雄克    平行夾爪    0371080
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MSE-A40-4  352870
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SRH+25-W  PN：359251
SCHUNK雄克    手指氣缸    340011 MPG 32
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    312974-LGR25
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PSK 40-N-2  訂貨號308242
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    PGN-Plus-80-1-AS  0371401
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    cylinder/ose-a40-0/30005509
SCHUNK雄克    平行氣爪    PGN+64-1 訂貨號0371100
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0340060 MPG 25-IS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    IN40/S-M12 0301674
SCHUNK雄克    備件    DPG-PLUS-300-1
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    GMNS 28-G
SCHUNK雄克    備件    TPS125-26 Z120    序列號：88000256
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0371399
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0362632 SRU+50-W-180-3-M-8
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸/Cylinder    PGN 80-plus Hub 1 AS 8mm Identnr.371401
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    0301478 IN80-S-M8
SCHUNK雄克    備件    308800
SCHUNK雄克    插座接頭    1349081026
SCHUNK雄克    感應器    MMS-P 22-S-M8-PNP 0301370
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    PGN-plus160-2IS
SCHUNK雄克    三指夾爪    MPZ 30
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    GBK315
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN+50-1
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    ID:0210114
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    306962
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    301380
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    氣爪RH907
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0303022
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PGN+125-1-AS  0371403
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    0280122
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    37371403
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    0354100
SCHUNK雄克    Roatry modules    SRU+35-W-180 30055461
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0308601
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MMS-22-S M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    備件    340523
SCHUNK雄克    定心套    9939380
SCHUNK雄克    定位套    ZHU-8
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    30039511
SCHUNK雄克    備件    INW-50-S-M12 301505
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    MPG-32/340011
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    0280126
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MPG40
SCHUNK雄克    附件    PGF 80-AS  SN:0340371
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    MMSK22-S-PNP-SA 0301044
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉裝置    362252
SCHUNK雄克    磁性開關    0301049 MMS22-S-M5-NPN-SA
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PZN-plus64-1
SCHUNK雄克    三爪定心    PZB100 300347
SCHUNK雄克    插頭    9935815
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0371456  PINCE PGN PLUS 300-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    Cylinder    MPG40 340012
SCHUNK雄克    備件    K173512 T20024661
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    303309
SCHUNK雄克    備件    SFL-40-E-90 0304564
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    0307110  DRG 100-90-AS
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    80/S-M12
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP 0301432
SCHUNK雄克    JAW CHUCK 卡具    KSHPLUS 160REF.0405330
SCHUNK雄克    機械卡爪    PGN-PLUS 50 1AS
SCHUNK雄克    鉆夾頭    BBT50-13/0203641
SCHUNK雄克    開關    MMS-P 22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    備件    ID; 422118
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0308611
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP-SA ID:0301442
SCHUNK雄克    開關線    0301474 IN40-S-M8 NHS PNP
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0371120
SCHUNK雄克    副槍極限    IN 80/S-M8
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PZN 125/1  Schuk   ID 300313
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0371102_PGN-PLUS100-1
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG 32 0340011
SCHUNK雄克    伸縮夾具    10354411
SCHUNK雄克    備件    371401+80-1
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0340520
SCHUNK雄克    電磁開關    IN 80-S-M8（301478）
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    0371451 PGN-PLUS 80-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0303941GSM-P-40-AS-S-180
SCHUNK雄克    塊環系統    40102513
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    0362600
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMS-P22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN Plus 80-1  0371101
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    SWA150 302453
SCHUNK雄克    液壓卡盤    ROTA NCK  PLUS  315-91
SCHUNK雄克    備件    Rotate cylinder 0se-c 34-0 354321
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    301580
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SRU+40-W-180-3 0362220
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    D20-6
SCHUNK雄克    塊環系統附件    40102514
SCHUNK雄克    備件    CYLINDER MPG 32 340011
SCHUNK雄克    備件    IN 80-S-M8-SA   ID:0301483
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    KGG80 340310
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0307137
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG-plus 40 0305521
SCHUNK雄克    備件    9985022
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MPG40AS 340042
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    0263417
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0371090 PGN-Plus 64-1
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0301493
SCHUNK雄克    備件    INW 80/O-M12 訂貨號：301518
SCHUNK雄克    通用旋轉氣缸    SRU-plus 30-H-180-3-4-M8/361924
SCHUNK雄克    備件    Parallelgreifer MPG 12
SCHUNK雄克    備件    FPS-M8
SCHUNK雄克    二指氣爪    MPG 32 AS 340041
SCHUNK雄克    二指氣爪    KGG 100-40
SCHUNK雄克    電刷    B14Z1
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    GZB-S  20/14
SCHUNK雄克    接頭    5510173
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    JGZ+125-1 303453
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0361320
SCHUNK雄克    備件    CPGF125-AS  0340391
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0340039 MPG20-AS-2
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0305511 MPG+32
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    PFH50 370761
SCHUNK雄克    滑塊支架    10354968
SCHUNK雄克    數顯游標卡尺    201961 LMG-M
SCHUNK雄克    氣動三爪    PZH-PLUS30
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    0371103 PGN-plus-125-1
SCHUNK雄克    插頭模塊    9937328（1311ZNY011）
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    JGP 64-1-AS 308621
SCHUNK雄克    O-ring    9907 695
SCHUNK雄克    Angular Gripper    GWB 44  0307136
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉氣缸    SRU-PLUS40-W-180-3
SCHUNK雄克    備件    V2-M8/301.900
SCHUNK雄克    電磁閥    0309262 4612 302753
SCHUNK雄克    鐵跕    10357594
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PZN+160-1
SCHUNK雄克    Z axes stages    B140-C-SSS-M-2510-700-12502SAG-2ENM-MGK-1 64026
SCHUNK雄克    平行夾具    340012  MPG40
SCHUNK雄克    高精度感溫線    MMSK22-S-PNP     5523132  5米
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    INW80/O-M12 (301518)
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    PGN-PLUS-1-AS
SCHUNK雄克    parallel gripper    KGG 60-20    0303050
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    GZB-S  20/8
SCHUNK雄克    Roatry modules    SRU+35-W-180 30055461
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    RH907  Nr：0360200
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    360310
SCHUNK雄克    finger gripper    PWC65B  30263
SCHUNK雄克    備件    in80-S-m8-sa
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    PZB-plus64-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    電磁開關    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP-SA  0301442
SCHUNK雄克    備件    302452   SWK-150   0850ZSD000
SCHUNK雄克    鎖緊螺栓    450300
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    0301370
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    0307136 GWB 44
SCHUNK雄克    毛坯手指    ABR-PLUS 100 300012
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪手指    MPG32  0340011
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG-plus 40 0305521
SCHUNK雄克    備件    訂貨號：303090
SCHUNK雄克    電氣連接插頭    ID: 0301253(替代型號0301297)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0301264
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN-plus-64-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    301380
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    308910 JGZ50
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸(夾(jia)爪)    PZN-160-1

SCHUNK雄克氣缸PGN+80/1翊霈代理供應

SCHUNK雄克氣缸PGN+80/1翊霈代理供應